Presence of substances, in such concentration; of such characteristics; and for such duration; that makes the air harmful or dangerous to breath (humans), to cause damage to plants, animals and properties.
Breathing polluted air cause asthma and other respiratory diseases. Living in polluted area can increase risk of cancer, coughing and wheezing, damage of immune system, endocrine and reproductive systems.
1) Burning of fossil fuels,
2) Pollution from vehicles,
3) Agricultural activities.
Air pollution control is techniques employed to reduce or eliminate the emission into the atmosphere of substances that can harm the environment or human health.
Other technical things which are used with the main items of equipment to create a complete system. E.g. RAV, Screw conveyor
Cyclone or centrifugal separators are called as mechanical separators.
The deposition of large particles on the walls of control devices. Because of high inertia they depart from stream flow line.
It refers to zig-zag motion of particles caused due to their collision with the gas molecules.
Attachment or interception of a particle on the surface.
Fabric filters usually providing collection efficiencies exceeding 99% and even efficiencies up to 99.99% are not common.
In fabric filter, main disadvantage is its temperature limitation-depend on the type of filter fabric used-however, it should not exceed 290ºC.
Bulk phenomenon
Yes
The solid substance upon which the gas adsorbs.
The gas attaching to the solid material i.e., substance to be removed.
The air-to-cloth ratio is the volumetric flow rate of air flowing through a dust collector’s inlet duct divided by the total cloth area in the filters. The result is expressed in units of velocity.
SOx, NOx, CO, CO2, VOCs, PM, NH3
Coarse particles include dust, pollen, spores, fly ash, and plant and insect parts. Coarse particles have an aerodynamic diameter ranging from 2.5 to 10µm (PM10-2.5).
Fine particles are airborne particles which are smaller than coarse particles. They have an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 µm or less (PM2.5). The fine particles which are smaller than 0.1 µm are referred to as ultrafine particles (PM0.1).
Settling is the process by which particulates settle to the bottom of a liquid and form a sediment. Particles that experience a force, either due to gravity.
Pressure drop is defined as the difference in total pressure between two points of a fluid carrying network. Pressure drop occurs when frictional forces, caused by the resistance to flow.
Mostly Four types of cleaning mechanism: Reverse air, Pulse jet, Sonic horn and Shaking.
Resistivity is an electrical characteristics of dust particles which determines the amount of charge particles may gathered under a specific charging condition.
With increasing temperature, Resistivity decreases.
T-R is transformer-rectifier set, used in ESP to provide high corona power for low resistivity dust.
Ratio of the liquid flow to as a function of the gas flow rate that is being treated.
A carbon credit is a permit or certificate allowing the holder to emit carbon dioxide or other greenhouse gases. The credit limits the emission to a mass equal to one ton of carbon dioxide.
A carbon footprint is a measure of the amount of greenhouse gases (GHG) produced by an individual, a family, an organization, business, or even a city or country.
The Credit limits the emission to a mass equal to one ton of carbon dioxide. The issuance of carbon credits aims to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.
By 2020, countries which are participated in Kyoto protocol, they have reduced their emission of CO2 by 1.2 million tons per year.
Members that do not have enough allowances to cover their emissions must either make reductions or buy another firm’s spare credits. Members with extra allowances can sell them or bank them for future use.
The main goal for the creation of Carbon Credits is the reduction of emissions of Carbon Dioxide and other greenhouse gases from industrial activities. Therefore, they can purchase additional carbon credits to comply with the emission cap from companies that can reduce the emissions immediately.
The Kyoto Protocol compliance mechanism is designed to strengthen the Protocol’s environmental integrity, support the carbon market’s credibility and ensure transparency of accounting by Parties. Its objective is to facilitate, promote and enforce compliance with the commitments under the Protocol.
Of course not. The solutions to climate change will necessarily be political, social and maybe economic. But markets provide an instrument to encourage action once these political and social changes have happened. It is important that this instrument is as effective as possible. It is of course not the only instrument available for the reduction of greenhouse gases and should be used in combination with taxation, regulation and increasing awareness.
Burning 1 L of gasoline produces approximately 2.3 kg of CO2.
The average human exhales about 1.04 kg of carbon dioxide on an average day.
Maximum CO2 are generated during the combustion of fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas, to produce electricity.
Photosynthesis removes CO2 from the atmosphere and replaces it with O2. Respiration takes O2 from the atmosphere and replaces it with CO2.
Low concentrations are not harmful. Higher concentrations can affect respiratory function and cause excitation followed by depression of the central nervous system. A high concentration can displace oxygen in the air.
Because India is developing country.
Under the regenerative braking system, whenever a train applies brakes, the kinetic energy released starts a machine known as converter-inverter. This machine acts as an electricity generator which supplies electrical energy back to the Over Head Electricity (OHE) lines. The regenerated electrical energy that is supplied back to the OHE is used by other accelerating trains in the same service line, thus saving overall energy in the system as about 30 % of electricity requirement is reduced.
Emission factors are values that convert different activities into carbon dioxide emission.
Because we can’t convert/calculate/sum up all activities into carbon dioxide until their units are same.
So, with Emission factor we can convert all activities into CO2e.
No. Hazardous waste is not considered in waste analysis for generation of CO2. Because, there is insufficient information about waste treatment – it may be sent to landfill, recycled or incinerated.
Because from data comparison we can find problem or source from where high CO2 is generated and therefore, we can change our technology/instrument or apply/update our technology/instrument.
Central Ground Water Authority
Areas notified by CGWA for the purpose of regulation of ground water development & management. In notified areas abstraction of ground water is not permissible for any purpose other than drinking / domestic. List of notified area is available on website www.cgwa-noc.gov.in.
Area Which are not covered in Notified Area are Non-Notified Area, which are not covered in 4 categories.
Area where future ground water development is linked with water conservation measure.
Area which need intensive monitoring and evaluation for ground water development.
Area where cautions ground water development is recommended.
Area which have ground water potential for the development.
Stage of Ground Significant Long Term Water Category Water Development Level Decline Trend
| Stage of Ground Water Development | Significant Long Term Water Level Decline Trend | Category | |
| Pre-Monsoon | Post-Monsoon | ||
| >=90% | No | No | Safe |
| <70% and >=100% | No | Yes | Semi Critical |
| <70% and >=100% | Yes | No | Semi Critical |
| <90% and >=100% | Yes | Yes | Critical |
| <100% | No | Yes | Over-Exploited |
| <100% | Yes | No | Over-Exploited |
| <100% | Yes | Yes | Over-Exploited |
All Industrial / Infrastructural / Mining Projects which are either existing, new or are under expansion and requiring to withdraw ground water have to obtain NOC from CGWA.
Project proponent has to submit the application online on the website http://cgwa-noc.gov.in.
Project proponent should send hard copy of the duly signed application along with all requisite documents so as to reach the concerned Regional Director, CGWB, within 7 days of submitting application online.
A processing fee of Rs. 1000.00 per fresh NOC and Rs. 500.00 per renewal of NOC is applicable for issuance of NOC or its renewal.
Yes, all the industrial/infrastructure/mining projects falling in safe area require NOC from CGWA.
No, New industries using ground water as raw material / water intensive industries like packaged drinking water, mineral water industries, distilleries, breweries, soft drink manufacturing industries, textiles, paper & pulp, are not granted NOC for groundwater withdrawal from non-notified Over-Exploited areas.
In the States of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Haryana, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Punjab, Odisha, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tripura, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh and in UTs of Andaman & Nicobar, Daman and Dadra Nagar Haveli.
CGWA does not issue NOC for ground water withdrawal in the States of Andhra Pradesh, NCT Delhi, Goa, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Telangana and West Bengal and in UTs of Chandigarh, Puducherry and Lakshadweep.
As per the recent NGT direction, all existing industrial/infrastructure/mining projects which are drawing ground water and have not obtained NOC for ground water withdrawal from CGWA, either due to its coming into existence prior to formation of CGWA or due to exemption from obtaining NOC as per earlier guidelines shall apply to CGWA for NOC.
Payment is to be made online through Bharatkosh (website: Bharatkosh.gov.in) and receipt downloaded from the Bharatkosh website is to be attached with the application.
NOC is accorded in non-notified areas for a period of two years initially and is renewed for a period of three years thereafter, subject to compliance of conditions mentioned in the NOC. Subsequently, NOC’s shall be renewed every five years’ subject to compliance of conditions mentioned in the renewed NOC.
Yes, renewal of NOC is granted in the areas which are subsequently ‘Notified’. Renewal of NOC in notified area will be done by CGWA in every 2 years.
No permission is required for withdrawal of ground water; if withdrawal is done through non-energized means.
In cases where project proponent has not been able to start the project and draw ground water as prescribed in the NOC issued by CGWA owing to delay in various clearances, based on valid justifications NOC can be extended for a period of two more years. However, recharge conditions will be applicable as per latest guidelines.
In Notified areas withdrawal of saline water from deep aquifers can be permitted as per additional guideline w.e.f. 05.04.2013, available in web site (www.cgwb.gov.in).
Yes, the project proponent has to apply online for NOC for abstraction of ground water, after expiry of validity of the letter issued by CGWA or change of category of assessment unit.
Flow chart/water balance indicates stage wise consumption and utilization of water including reuse of treated water.
Water accumulated in the mine pit where mining activities intersect the water table.
Treated water shall not be used for recharge to ground water.
Renewal of NOC for ground water withdrawal in Notified Area is accorded after checking and verification of compliance of conditions of NOC by the concerned Authorized Officer (District Magistrate / District Collector, Deputy Commissioner etc.). The Authorised officer will forward the application to the concerned Regional Director of CGWB with his recommendation. The Regional Director will process the application and forward it to CGWA for issuance of NOC.
In the renewal cases of water intensive/water based units in ‘Notified’ / ’Over-exploited’ assessment units/areas, the recharge guidelines applicable to water intensive industries section 3.1.1(b) ‘Critical’ assessment units in the existing guidelines would be followed i.e. ground water withdrawal is limited to 50% of ground water recharge.
Referral letter is a letter/document mentioning ground water requirement issued by Ministry of Environment & Forest (MOEF) / State Pollution Control Board (SPCB) / State Expert Appraisal Committee (SEAC) / State Environment Impact Assessment Authority (SEIAA) / Urban Development Authority (UDA) / etc.
No, there is no need to submit the comprehensive hydrogeological report along with application.
Prior to establishment of any industry, project, or activity the project proponent requires Consent to Established (NOC) under the provisions of the Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 and Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1981.
State Pollution Control Board is getting CTE to any industry, project or activity.
It is followed by physical inspection of the site and assessment of the environmental management system proposed so as to meet with the mandatory requirement prescribed by State Pollution Control Board.
i. The CTE for the projects requiring Environmental Clearance, shall be granted for a period up to 07 years subject to the validity of Environmental Clearance or the date of commissioning of the project, whichever is earlier.
ii. The CTE, for the projects not requiring Environmental Clearance, shall be granted for a period up to 05 years including stone crushers, hot mix plants, screening plants, brick kilns etc. or the date of commissioning of the project, whichever is earlier.
120 Days maximum.
Industrial Sectors having Pollution Index score of 60 and above – Red category
Industrial Sectors having Pollution Index score of 41 to 59 – Orange category
Industrial Sectors having Pollution Index score of 21 to 40 – Green category
Industrial Sectors having Pollution Index score incl.& up to 20 – White category
Concerned Regional Office of the Board.
Xtended Green Node https://gpcbxgn.gujarat.gov.in/
www.gpcb.gov.in.
Small – Up to 5 Crores
Medium – 5 – 10 Crores
Large – Above 10 Crores
The industries/project proponents intending for auto renewal of their CTE, shall apply through the online at least 90 days prior to the date of expiry of the period of previous CTE.
The CTE will be renewed only once and for a period of maximum 02 years from the date of expiry of the period of first CTE granted subject to validity of EC if applicable.
Red (Large) – 120 Days
Red (Small/Medium) – 90 Days
Orange – 60 Days
Green – 30 Days
Red (Large) – Chairman
Red (Small/Medium) – Member Secretary
Orange – Unit Head
Green – Regional Offices
As per the CRZ notification 1991, the coastal land up to 500m fromthe High Tide Line (HTL) and a stage of 100m along banks of creeks, estuaries, backwater and rivers subject to tidal fluctuations, is called the Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ).
CRZ Clearance is required for imposing the restriction on Industrial operation, commercial operation and developments in the CRZ areas.
Coastal Regulation Zone Notification, 1991, and its amendment 2011, 2018.
In the year 1981, Prime Minister Mrs. Indira Gandhi directed to the Chief Ministers of coastal states that, owing to their aesthetic and environmental value, beaches had to be kept clear of all activities up to 500 m from the highest water line. For the purpose of controlling, minimizing and protecting environmental damage to sensitive coastal stretches from unplanned human interference, The Government of India, in 1991, issued a major notification under the Environment Protection Act, 1986, framing rules for regulation of various coastal zone activities. These rules are called the Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) rules.
CRZ Notification under section 3(1) and section 3(2)(v) of the environment (protection) act, 1986 and rule 5(3)(d) of the environment (protection) rules, 1986 declaring on date 19th February 1991 coastal
stretches as coastal regulation zone (CRZ) and regulating activities in the CRZ area.
OSMCC (Online Submission and Monitoring of CRZ Clearances.)
http://environmentclearance.nic.in/sczma_stateportal.aspx
PP can click on Register (New User Agency) tab available on main page of the portal (http://environmentclearance.nic.in). Then a registration form will be displayed on the screen. When UA (user agency) submits Registration form, then a user-id (email of UA) and password will be emailed automatically to UA‟s email-id. UA can login with these credentials.
Any project proponent has to register with the SCZMA portal before submitting proposal for seeking CRZ clearance.
SCZMA- State Coastal Zone Management Authority.
After receiving the proposal online, Member Secretary (MS) of SCZMA can examine the proposal for its completeness and the same will be accepted if all the relevant documents and information are true to their correctness.
1. Type of Proposal X – Projects requiring only CRZ Clearance.
2. Type of Proposal Y – Projects requiring EC Clearance and CRZ Clearance.
Both type of proposals (X and Y) will be first forwarded to MS of SCZMA for their recommendation.
There are 3 conditions in Type X Proposal,
1. If it is related with building construction for area less than 20,000 sqm, the Project will be forwarded to State or Union Territory Planning Authority (SoUTPA).
2. If the area is greater than 20,000 sqm, it will be forwarded to State Environment Impact Assessment Authority (SEIAA). Moreover, projects related with – Other Infrastructure (i.e. bridges, roads, sewage line, water supply lines etc. as per the amendment in CRZ notification dated 28.11.2014), will be forwarded to SEIAA.
3. Rest of the projects will be forwarded to Ministry, Delhi.
There are 2 conditions in Type X Proposal,
1. Projects under Category – A will be forwarded to Ministry, Delhi
2. Projects under Category –B will be forwarded to SEIAA.
PP will receive an email and SMS if any additional information is sought by SEIAA. The same could be viewed by PP by clicking on EDS under My proposals (CRZ Clearance).
EDS – Essential Details Sought
Yes, they can see the progress as well as the decisions.
Yes, the list of projects submitted by proponent is available on the portal.
Yes, more than one proposal can be added by one proponent.
State – 9
Union Territories – 4
1. Mainland coast line: 5423 km
2. Offshore Islands: 2094 (1962 (ANI) + 132 (LAK))
Total Coast line= 7517 km
1. Main island: 514
2. Lakshadweep: 32
3. Andaman & Nicobar: 836
Total Islands: 1382
Source: Coastal Regulation Zone & Island Protection Zone Notification 2011, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change July 11, 2016.
State – Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, West Bengal.
UT (Union territory) – Daman and Diu, Andaman Nicobar, Lakshadweep, Pondicherry.
High Tide Line means the line on the land up to which the highest water line reaches during the spring tide.
The low tide line is the limit up to which the lowest low tide recedes during spring tide.
CRZ I, CRZ II, CRZ III, CRZ IV are classification of CRZ with respect to High Tide Line (HTL), Low Tide Line (LTL), Project activities.
The areas that have been developed up to or close to the shoreline.
The areas that are relatively undisturbed and those do not belong to either CRZ I or II which include coastal zone in the rural areas (developed and undeveloped) and also areas within municipal limits or in other legally designated urban areas, which are not substantially built up.
The area from low tide to 12 Nm on the seaward side.
Effluent Treatment Plant is one type of waste water treatment method which is particularly designed to purify industrial wastewater for its reuse and its aim is to release safe water to environment from the harmful effect caused by the effluent.
The design of Effluent treatment plant depends on quality and quantity of wastewater discharged from your industry and land availability.
Chemical treatment of waste water makes use of chemicals to react with pollutants present in the wastewater and whereas biological treatment uses microorganisms to degrade wastewater contaminants.
Based on the process, biological treatment of wastewater methods are majorly classified into two types and are as follows:
This treatment process is effectively utilized to treat high strength waste water and it employs organisms that function in the absence of oxygen and it will typically treat high-strength waste water to a level that will permit discharge to a municipal sewer system.
Anaerobic digestion is biological process which is used in wastewater treatment plants for sludge degradation and stabilization.
The process converts about 40% to 60% of the organic solids to methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2).
This is the second commonly using type of aerobic treatment which is also called as percolating or sprinkling filters. These filters are commonly used to remove compounds such as ammonia from the water after primary treatment. The secondary effluent that settles will either enter a digest.
It is one of the aerobic biological wastewater or waste treatment process. An aerated lagoon is a treatment pond that is provided with mechanical aeration that introduces oxygen into the pond in order to promote the biological oxidation of the wastewater. The effluent of aerated ponds may be reused or used for recharge, but settled sludge requires a further treatment.
The ponds involve an interaction between bacteria, algae and other organisms which feed on the organic matter received from primary effluent. These ponds are also productive, because it generates effluent that can be used for other applications.
It consists of physical operations such as:
1. Screening: Removes heavy solids in wastewater such as rags, paper, plastics, sticks and metals to prevent damage and clogging of downstream equipment.
2. Floatation: It is used for separation of floatable and suspended solid particles from waste water.
3. Grit removal: Here, grit chambers are used to slow down the flow so that solids such as sand, ash, cinder and eggshells will settle out of the water and it can be removed manually or mechanically.
Effluent treatment plants need land for construction, capital cost, power and specialized manpower for their operation and maintenance. Because of these constraints, small scale industries cannot afford to have their own effluent treatment facilities and therefore, combined effluent from all industries are to be brought to a centralized place for treatment. This facility is called a Common Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP).
Flocculation is a process in chemistry wherein colloids are extracted from suspensions which then take the form of flake or floc. This can take place spontaneously or may be brought about by adding clarifying agents.
Sedimentation is a physical water treatment process using gravity to remove suspended solids from water.
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is an important management tool for ensuring the optimal use of natural resources for sustainable development.
Its purpose is to identify, examine, assess and evaluate the likely and probable impacts of a proposed project on the environment and, thereby, to work out remedial action plans to minimize adverse impact on the environment.
The Certificate of Environmental Clearance Rules, 2001 is a piece of legislation generated from the Environmental Management Act Chapter 35:05.
Terms of References. The purpose of ToR is to enable the project proponent for planning and designing EIA. ToR is expected to provide a format and structure.
Public hearing is a process in the environmental clearance process in which stakeholders can interact directly with government officials and the project proponent about the concerns regarding upcoming project.
A proposed project is likely to have significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented. An environmental impact assessment (EIA), including an environmental management plan (EMP), is required.
Scoping refers to the early, open and interactive process of determining the major issues and impacts that will be important in decision-making on the proposal, and need to be addressed in an EC.
Baseline data collection refers to collection of baseline information on biophysical, social and economic aspects of a project area.
Screening is the process of deciding on whether an EIA is required.
The all projects or activities shall require prior environmental clearance from the concerned regulatory authority, which shall hereinafter referred to be as the Central Government in the Ministry of Environment and Forests for matters falling under Category ‘A’ in the Schedule of notification number S.O. 1533 (E) date 14th September 2006 and at State level the State Environment Impact Assessment Authority (SEIAA) for matters falling under Category ‘B’ in the said Schedule, before any construction work, or preparation of land by the project management except for securing the land, is started on the project or activity.
A State Level Environment Impact Assessment Authority (SEIAA) shall be constituted by the Central Government under sub-section (3) of section 3 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 and role of SEIAA is to issue environmental clearance letter under category “B”.
The same Expert Appraisal Committees (EACs) at the Central Government and SEACs (hereinafter referred to as the (EAC) and (SEAC) at the State or the Union territory level shall screen, scope and appraise projects or activities in Category ‘A’ and Category ‘B’ respectively.
The composition of the EAC shall be as given in Appendix VI of the notification S.O. 1533(E), dated 14th September 2006. The SEAC at the State or the Union territory level shall be constituted by the Central Government in consultation with the concerned State Government or the Union territory Administration with identical composition.
The EAC and SEAC shall be reconstituted after every three years.
The application forms i.e. FORM-1 and FORM-1A can be downloaded free of cost from the website of State Level Environment Impact Assessment Authority (SEIAA) and website of Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India.
Duly filled application forms along with requisite documents for obtaining environmental clearance of ‘B’ category projects/activities may be submitted at the Secretariat of State Level Environment Impact Assessment Authority (SEIAA).
Activities permitted before an EC according to a circular by the MoEF:
It depends on the size of the plant. Usually 1to1½ years is the time for a plant to obtain EC after filing of Application. The following are the time-bound activities according to the EIA Notification:
MoEF and SEIAA are the Regulatory Authorities that issue the EC. Category A projects are awarded clearance by the MoEF, while the SEIAA issues clearance for Category B projects.
SPCB is entrusted the task of conducting the Public Consultation by the MoEF and submitting the Public Consultation Report.
They are:
Accredited EIA Consultants will conduct surveys of the proposed project site and its neighbouring areas. According to an NGT order, EIA Consultants should gather some primary material about the socio-economic data in the area and carry out a preliminary survey to understand the basic needs of the people in the project area to form the Environment Management Plan.
That depends on the extent of study specified in the ToR. The EIA study will take at least 3 months (1 season) or up to 1 year.
No! The Project Proponent has to apply for Consent to Establish with the respective SPCB. Upon obtaining it, the construction of the plant can commence. Before starting operations in the plant, the Consent to Operate has to be obtained from the SPCB.
Land acquisition can begin even before the Project Proponent submits an application for EC. However, it is not mandatory for the Project Proponent to buy all the land required for the project site at this stage. This is an area that an accredited EIA Consultant Organization should probe for likely Socio-Economic issues and Resettlement & Rehabilitation.
Any violation at any stage of the EIA process can be reported to the MoEF. If the EC has been awarded for a project with violations, it should be challenged at the National Green Tribunal.
All new projects or activities listed in the Schedule to this notification; expansion and modernization of existing projects or activities listed in the Schedule to this notification with addition of capacity beyond the limits specified for the concerned sector, that is, projects or activities which cross the threshold limits given in the Schedule, after expansion or modernization; any change in product – mix in an existing manufacturing unit included in Schedule beyond the specified range.
The environmental clearance process comprises of four stages, namely, Stage (1) Screening; Stage (2) Scoping; Stage (3) Public Consultation and Stage (4) Appraisal.
Appraisal means the detailed scrutiny by the Expert Appraisal Committee or State Level Expert Appraisal Committee of the application and other documents submitted by the applicant for grant of environmental clearance.
The MoEF&CC has mandated online submission of applications for Terms of Reference (TORs) and Environment Clearance (EC) w.e.f. 1st July, 2014, with the objective to increase transparency in system and reduce delays.
Project Proponent is required to submit a half yearly compliance report, twice in a year i.e. 1st June and 1st December, to MoEF/SEIAA and Regional offices of MoEF in hard and soft copies for monitoring of the project both during construction and operation phases. The Regional Offices of the Ministry monitor the compliance of environmental clearance conditions of various projects located in their jurisdiction.
For the use of forest areas for non-forestry purposes such as mining, HEP (hydroelectric projects), railway, roads etc. Forest Clearance is Required As per the provisions of Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980.
For diversion of forest land for developmental and social purposes e.g. drinking water, irrigation, transmission lines, railway lines, roads, power projects, defence related projects, mining etc. Forest Clearance is required.
Forest Clearance is regulating by MOEF&CC with specifically PARIVESH (https://parivesh.nic.in/ ) portal.
User Agency can click on Register (New User Agency) tab available on main page of the portal (https://parivesh.nic.in). Then a registration form will be displayed on the screen. When U.A. submits Registration form, then a user-id (email of U.A.) and password will be emailed automatically to U.A.’s email-id. U.A. can login with these credentials.
UA stands for User Agency.
Forest Clearance Required 3 Types of Form. Form A, Form B, Form C.
Form A Stand for Requirement of Allocation of fresh forest land.
Form B Stand for Requirement of Renewal of lease.
Form C Stand for Requirement of approval for Prospecting of Minerals (Mining).
Section 2(ii) is for that any forest land or any portion thereof may be used for any non-forest purpose.Section 2(iii) is for That any forest land or any portion thereof may be assigned by way of lease or otherwise to any private person or to any authority, corporation, agency or any other organization not owned, managed or controlled by Government.
Up to 5 ha: Regional Chief Conservator of Forest (RCCF)
5‐40ha: RCCF in Consultation with State Advisory Group by Regional Office of MoEF&CC (Clearance Issued by the ministry)
>40ha: Forest Advisory Committee FAC (by MoEF&CC).
1. Indian Forest Act, 19272. Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980.
3. Scheduled Tribes and other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 or Forest Rights Act, 2006 (FRA).
4. National Forest Policy, 1988.
CF- Conservator of ForestCCF- Chief Conservator of Forest.
RCCF- Regional Chief Conservator of Forest.
PCCF- Principal Chief Conservator of Forest.
DFO- District Forest OfficerDCF- District Conservator of Forest.
FAC – Forest Advisory Committee
REC – Regional Empowered Committee
| S. No | Category | Stage 1 (Days) | Stage 2 (Days) | Total Time (Days) |
| 1 | 5 ha | 110 | 25 | 135 |
| 2 | 5 to 40 ha | 120 | 35 | 155 |
| 3 | 40 to 100 ha | 150 | 70 | 220 |
| 4 | More than 100 ha | 180 | 115 | 295 |
The fundamental aim of green belt policy is to prevent urban sprawl by keeping land permanently open.
A green belt or greenbelt is a policy and land use zone designation used in land use planning to retain areas of largely undeveloped, wild, or agricultural land surrounding or neighbouring urban areas.
The greenbelt is good, positive planning. It stops urban sprawl and encourages the vital regeneration of our largest cities. Sprawl has all kinds of negative impacts, including loss of farmland and wildlife, increased car use, and neglect of older towns and cities.
With increasing concern for environment in general, and to mitigate atmospheric pollution caused by industries in particular, green belts are recommended as an environment strategy.
33% of total plot area should be covered as green belt in industry.
This concept has developed through a long line of cases and today, greenbelts are present not only for the purpose of protecting sensitive areas to maintain ecological balance but are also be found in urban areas so as to act as a sink for the harmful gases released by vehicles and industries operating in the city area.
Greenbelt is expected to neutralize pollutants and their location should aim at screening off the source of pollutants from society. Areas around industrial establishments, residential areas and roadsides should be the ones targeted for greenbelts.
Plant spec1es suitable for removal of part1culate matter and gaseous pollutants different their morphological characteristics Sizes and shapes of crowns penod1c phenomena like leaf shedding, also contribute to plant efftc1ency for pollution abatement.
Coal is likely to be used on an increasing scale for power generation, and will lead to aggravation of pollution problem due to fly-ash stabilization of ash with plants provides a viable solution.
An Agro-climatic zone is a land unit in terms of major climates, suitable for a certain range of crops and cultivars. Agro-climatic conditions mainly refer to soil types, rainfall, temperature and water availability which influence the type of vegetations.
The Planning Commission has categorised 15 agro-climatic zones in India, taking into account the physical attributes and socio-economic conditions prevailing in the regions.
Monthly patrak is fill for consumption of energy, fuel, water used per month and amount of disposal of hazardous waste in matric ton.
All Industry are requested to file Monthly Patrak Online before 2nd week of every month.
Pollution Control Board Identification number
Form No: D2
Xtended Green Node https://gpcbxgn.gujarat.gov.in/
Noise is unwanted sound judged to be unpleasant, loud or disruptive to hearing.
Noise pollution, also known as environmental noise or sound pollution, is the propagation of noise with harmful impact on the activity of human or animal life.
Noise-related hearing loss is one of the most common occupational health issues. Exposure to workplace noise hazards (high noise levels) can cause permanent hearing loss that cannot be corrected by surgery or a hearing aid.
No horn shall be used in silent zone during night time except any public emergency, sound emitting fire crackers not burst during night time and restriction of sound emitting construction equipment during night time in silent zone.
White noise is a sound similar to radio static, or the sound a fan makes, that is often used to mask unpleasant sounds. Some people find it helpful for sleeping, and it can be a soothing sound for babies.
| # | Category of Area / Zone | Limits in dB | |
| Day Time | Night Time | ||
| 1. | Industrial area | 75 | 70 |
| 2. | Commercial area | 65 | 55 |
| 3. | Residential area | 55 | 45 |
| 4. | Silence Zone | 50 | 40 |
Day time shall mean from 6.00 a.m. to 10.00 p.m. and Night time shall mean from 10.00 p.m. to 6.00 a.m.
Silence zone is an area comprising not less than 100 metres around hospitals, educational institutions, courts, religious places or any other area which is declared as such by the competent authority.
Industrial Noise refers to noise that is created in the factories which is jarring and unbearable. Heavy industries like shipbuilding and iron and steel have long been associated with Noise Induced Hearing Loss.
OSHA’s permissible exposure limit (PEL) is 90 dBA for all workers for an 8-hour day.
Wild animals rely on their hearing for detecting predators, finding mates, establishing territory, and recognizing warning alerts. Unnaturally high levels of noise can damage their hearing and can also mask more subtle sounds that they need to hear in order to survive and reproduce.
Sewage Effluent means effluent from any sewerage system or sewage disposal works and includes sullage from open drains.
Treatment of sewage is based on a method provided by nature, i.e. by using microbial action. When a steady consistent supply of air is pumped into a tank containing sewage which has been screened to remove all floating debris and non-soluble contents in sewage, microbes which are present in it get activated. These microbes are present in the sludge which makes up a substantial part of sewage, and they consume the pollutants in the sewage while the air supply brings them to life and keeps them alive and multiplying.
Sewage treatment Plant is Unit for removing contaminants from wastewater and household sewage water. It includes physical, biological and sometimes chemical processes to remove pollutants.
There are two types of sewage: treated and untreated.
Untreated sewage refers to wastewater which contains harmful waterborne pathogens and bacteria and which has not yet gone through a sewage treatment plant.
Treated sewage refers to wastewater or sewage which has passed through a treatment plant.
The removal of biodegradable organic matter, as well as nitrogen and phosphorus, through wastewater biological treatment is the most economical and simplest way to treat effluents. For this reason, it is the treatment applied mostly for both urban and industrial wastewater.
| S. No. | Parameter | Parameters Limit (Standards for New STPs Design after notification date) |
| 1 | pH | 6.5-9.0 |
| 2 | BOD (mg/l) | Not more than 10 |
| 3 | COD (mg/l) | Not more than 50 |
| 4 | TSS (mg/l) | Not more than 20 |
| 5 | NH4-N (mg/l) | Not more than 5 |
| 6 | N-total (mg/l) | Not more than 10 |
| 7 | Fecal Coliform (MPN/100ml) | Less than 100 |
MBR is a very compact waste treatment system that combines biological decomposition with membrane separation of the sludge (biomass). The membrane compacts & concentrates the sludge making for a far more compact design than the ASP system described above (it combines the secondary and tertiary treatment in one single step). Further it produces far less sludge too. Best of all, it is not so sensitive to input load fluctuations like the ASP system.
Reed beds are aquatic plant-based systems which allow bacteria, fungi and algae to digest the sewage and clean the water.
A tank, typically underground, in which sewage is collected and allowed to decompose through bacterial activity before draining by means of a soak away.
It is a legal document / No objection certificate issued by your local environmental regulatory agency. In India, individual homes are NOT required to get a CONSENT / NOC. Each authority may lay down specific measurable parameters which you will have to satisfy to enable you to discharge the treated sewage effluent from your premises into a watercourse, soak away or sub irrigation system.
A basement sewage treatment plant requires a lot of air for treatment and there is a lot of air that comes out from the treatment plant, both of which have to be artificially regulated in a basement sewage treatment plant. Such investment will become a very costly affair in the operation of a sewage treatment plant, sometimes just the ventilation system operation electricity cost is more than the plant running cost itself.
Reuse and recycle is there to ensure compliance to treatment standards. When partially treated wastewater is reused, residents would come to know about it from the smell and water color and for their own sake will be vigilante and ensure their water is properly treated for reuse.
Dwindling water resources have forced communities to reuse and recycle treated water, there could be up to 50% saving in fresh water extraction by wastewater reuse and recycle.
KLD- kilo liters per day or cubic meters per day. It is assumed that a person uses 150 lts of water per day.
Because Untreated sewage poses a major risk to human health since it contains waterborne pathogens that can cause serious human illness. Untreated sewage also destroys aquatic ecosystems, threatening human livelihoods, when the associated biological oxygen demand and nutrient loading deplete oxygen in the water to levels too low to sustain life.
A soak pit, also known as a soakaway or leach pit, is a covered, porous-walled chamber that allows water to slowly soak into the ground.
Alum or aluminum sulfate,
Sodium aluminate,
Polyaluminum Chloride,
Polymer (dewatering),
Sodium hydroxide,
Ferric Chloride,
Ferrous Chloride.
Human waste, washing water, Rainfall collected on roofs; yards; hard-standings, etc., domestic sources, Direct ingress of river water, highway drainage, and some amount of industrial waste.
When a liquid sludge is produced, further treatment maybe required to make it suitable for final disposal. Typically, sludge’s are thickened to reduce the volumes transported off-site for disposal. There is no process which completely eliminates the need to dispose of biosolids.
Chlorination is water treatment that destroys disease causing bacteria, nuisance bacteria, parasites and other organisms and pathogens. It also oxidizes iron, manganese and hydrogen sulfide so they can be filtered out.
Grit chamber is the second unit operation used in primary treatment of wastewater and it is intended to remove suspended inorganic particles such as sandy and gritty matter from the wastewater. The grit chamber is used to remove grit, consisting of sand, gravel, cinder, or other heavy solids materials that have specific gravity much higher than those of the organic solids in wastewater. Grit chambers are provided to protect moving mechanical equipment from abrasion and abnormal wear; avoid deposition in pipelines, channels, and conduits; and to reduce frequency of digester cleaning.
Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies, usually as a result of human activities or industrial activities. Water bodies include for example lakes, rivers, oceans, aquifers and groundwater.
Six Main Sources of Water Pollution. Article shared by: Some of the important sources of water pollution are: (i) Domestic effluents and sewage, (ii) Industrial effluents, (iii) Agricultural effluents, (iv) Radioactive wastes, (v) Thermal pollution, and (vi) Oil pollution.
Here are the few major causes of water pollution: Sewage and Waste Water: Sewage, garbage and liquid waste of households, agricultural lands and factories are discharged into lakes and rivers. These wastes contain harmful chemicals and toxins which make the water poisonous for aquatic animals and plants.
Water pollution is detected in laboratories, where small samples of water are analysed for different contaminants. Living organisms such as fish can also be used for the detection of water pollution. Changes in their behaviour or growth show us, that the water they live in is polluted.
Parameters of water which are required to be tested for determining the quality of water can be divided into Physical, Chemical. Microbiological.
Physical: Turbidity, Color, Odour, Taste, Temperature.
Chemical: Solids (Suspended, Dissolved, Volatile), Hardness, COD, BOD, Chlorides, pH, Dissolved gases, Nitrogen compound, Metal.
Microbiological: microorganisms i.e. bacteria, virus, protozoa, worms.
BOD – biological Oxygen Demand means BOD is the amount of oxygen which is consumed by bacteria while decomposing organic matter under aerobic conditions. Unit- mg/L
COD- Chemical Oxygen Demand means the amount of oxygen required for the chemical oxidation of total organic matter in water. Unit – mg/L
A figure expressing the acidity or alkalinity of a solution on a logarithmic scale on which 7 is neutral, lower values are more acid and higher values more alkaline(basic).
pH stands for ‘potential of Hydrogen’
Unit: unitless (Because pH is a logarithm, and logarithms are always pure numbers. Pure numbers have no units.)
TSS: Total Suspended Solids (TSS) is a measurement of the total solids in a water or wastewater sample that are retained by filtration.
TDS: Total dissolved solids (TDS) comprise inorganic salts (principally calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, bicarbonates, chlorides, and sulfates) and some small amounts of organic matter.
that are dissolved in water. Unit: mg/L
The dissolved oxygen (DO) is oxygen that is dissolved in water. Unit: mg/L
The oxygen dissolve by diffusion from the surrounding air; aeration of water that has tumbled over falls and rapids; and as a waste product of photosynthesis.
Test of water contamination in which the number of the colonies of coliform-bacteria Escherichia coli (E. coli) per 100 milliliter of water is counted.
By giving treatments like ETP, STP, WTP, RO, etc. we can treat polluted water.
Effluent treatment plant (ETP) is essential to purify the waste water which is come from different types of manufacturing industry like textile, ternary, dyes, and chemical manufacturing industry, pharmaceutics etc.
Sewage treatment, or domestic wastewater treatment, is the process of removing contaminants from wastewater and household sewage, both runoff (effluents) and domestic.
Reverse osmosis (RO) is a water purification technology that uses a partially permeable membrane to remove ions, molecules and larger particles from drinking water.
Zero-liquid discharge (ZLD) is a water treatment process in which all wastewater is purified and recycled; therefore, leaving zero discharge at the end of the treatment cycle.
Industrial wastewater (effluent) will be treated in ETP.
Household sewage wastewater will be treated by STP.
Wastewater treatment generally involves four stages, called preliminary, primary, secondary and tertiary treatment.
preliminary treatment is the removal of coarse solids and other large materials often found in raw wastewater.
The sedimentation and removal of most suspended matter from effluent.
Secondary treatment is use to remove most of the fine suspended and dissolved degradable organic matter that remains after primary treatment.
Tertiary treatment is the final cleaning process that improves wastewater quality before it is reused, recycled or discharged to the environment. The treatment removes remaining inorganic compounds, and substances, such as the nitrogen and phosphorus.
Screening, Grit chamber, Equalization tank, Oil and Grease removal tank.
Chemical: Neutralization, coagulation & Flocculation.
Physical: Sedimentation & Flotation.
Indian Standard Specifications for Drinking Water IS: 10500:1991 (Reaffirmed:2012).
Activated sludge, Aerated lagoon, Trickling filter, Anaerobic Lagoon, (Aerobic and Anaerobic treatment).
Ultrafiltration, RO, Carbon adsorption, Ion exchange, Denitrification, disinfection, ozonation.
Wildlife includes any animal, aquatic or land vegetation which forms part of any habitat.
The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 was enacted for Wildlife Protection.
WPA was implemented on 9th September 1972.
Protected areas are those in which human occupation or at least the exploitation of resources is limited.
Total Nos. of Protected Area: 868 (as on Jan, 2019)
An area, whether within a sanctuary or not, can be notified by the state government to be constituted as a National Park. No human activity is permitted inside the national park except for the ones permitted by the Chief Wildlife Warden of the state under the conditions given in CHAPTER IV, WPA 1972.
Total Nos. of National Park: 104 (as on Jan, 2019)
Any area other than area comprised with any reserve forest or the territorial waters can be notified by the State Government to constitute as a Sanctuary if such area is of adequate ecological, faunal, floral, geomorphological, natural. Some restricted human activities are allowed inside the Sanctuary Area.
Total Nos. of Wildlife Sanctuary: 550 (as on Jan, 2019)
A Marine Protected Area (MPA) is essentially a space in the ocean where human activities are more strictly regulated than the surrounding waters – similar to parks we have on land.
Total Nos. of Marine Protected Area: 131 (as on Jan, 2019)
Nos. of Marine Protected Areas in Peninsular India: 25
Nos. of Marine Protected Areas in Islands of India: 106
Conservation Reserves can be declared by the State Governments in any area owned by the Government, particularly the areas adjacent to National Parks and Sanctuaries and those areas which link one Protected Area with another. Conservation Reserves are declared for the purpose of protecting landscapes, seascapes, flora and fauna and their habitat.
Total Nos. of Conservation Reserves: 87 (as on Jan, 2019)
Community Reserves can be declared by the State Government in any private or community land, not comprised within a National Park, Sanctuary or a Conservation Reserve, where an individual or a community has volunteered to conserve wildlife and its habitat. Community Reserves are declared for the purpose of protecting fauna, flora and traditional or cultural conservation values and practices.
Total Nos. of Community Reserves: 127 (as on Jan, 2019)
Project Tiger was launched by the Government of India in the year 1973 to save the endangered species of tiger in the country. Starting from 9 reserves in 1973-2016 the number is grown up to 50.
Total Nos. of Tiger Reserve: 50 (as on 20 Dec, 2016)
Project Elephant was launched by the Government of India in the year 1992 as a centrally Sponsored Scheme with following objectives:
Total Nos. of Elephant Reserve: 16 (as on 2013)
The Ramsar Convention defines wetlands as “areas of marsh, fen, peatland or water, whether natural or artificial, permanent or temporary, with water that is static or flowing, fresh, brackish or salt, including areas of marine water the depth of which at low tide does not exceed six meters” e.g. mangroves, marshes also known as “morass” and even, coral reefs and seagrass beds.
Total Nos. of RAMSAR Wetland Site:27 (as on Feb, 2019)
The Indian government has also established Biosphere reserved, which protect larger area of natural habitat, and often include one or more national parks and/or preserves, along buffer zones that are open to limited economic activities.
Total Nos. of Biosphere reserves: 18 (as on Dec, 2014)
Wildlife Clearance is a clearance or permission required as per Supreme Court order to establish any industry or development projects within 10 kms radius of any protected area from NBWL MoEF&CC New Delhi. If Protected area under Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 has its eco sensitive zone, then Wildlife Clearance is not required. The objective of Wildlife Clearance is to protect the wildlife of protected area.
Any person or agency is going to establish industry or other developmental activities or any other non-forestry activities within and 10 kms from any National Protected Area Network (PAN), can apply for wildlife clearance.
The User Agency has to login in the ministry’s portal https://parivesh.nic.in and fill up Part-1 and Part-II and submit it.
PARIVESH stands for Pro Active and Responsive facilitation by Interactive, Virtuous and Environmental Single Window Hub.
Online submission of applications would be sufficient. There is no need to submit hard copies of the proposal to the PA manager.
Yes. The applicant can track the status of his application online at various levels.
Yes. As per the provisions of Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 and Orders of Hon’ble Supreme Court dated 9th May 2002, any non-forestry activity inside a Sanctuary or National Park requires clearance from Standing Committee of NBWL. The application for this needs to be submitted online.
If the proposed activity is located within 10 km zone of National Park or Sanctuary and requires Environment Clearance, such proposal would need to be placed before the Standing Committee of NBWL where ESZ is not notified.
Power transmission lines within 10 km zone outside the National Parks / Sanctuaries do not require environment clearance. Consequently, these would not need wildlife clearance.
Any proposal involving any area under the notified Tiger Reserve need to be referred to the Standing Committee of NBWL for wildlife clearance.
DFO/WW/ CWW / SG / SBWL / NBWL (HO) New Delhi
DFO: District Forest Officer
WW: Wildlife Warden
CWW: Chief Wildlife Warden
SG: State Government
SBWL: State Board for Wildlife
NBWL: National Board for Wildlife